Locke,+Emerson,+and+Araby

Lock, Emerson, and Araby = = = = = toc = =//__** John Locke **__//= By Brynnae Williams

//__ Of the Limits of the Government __//
Locke states that any form of true government rests on the consent of the people and preserves their natural rights, the rights they are born with.

Establish legislative power
//**Interpretation**//: One person cant just change the law because of their social status or power.
 * The supreme power of the commonwealth is sacred and unalterable by the hands of the community that placed it.
 * The government is limited to the good of the public society.
 * THE PEOPLE MAKE THE LAWS AS A WHOLE!

Legislative limits

 * //First//, it is, nor can possibly be absolutely arbitrary over the lives and fortunes of the people. Nobody can transfer power to another no more power than he has in himself. The government works to no other end but preservation. It never has a right to destroy, enslave, or designedly impoverish the subjects. Thus the law of nature stands as an eternal rule to all men, legislators as well as others.
 * //Interpretation//: ** The government can’t be in favor of one social group or person just because they are the majority or have the most money. It cannot take away alienable rights, give people high position, kill, or take away land or property.

Men therefore, in society having property, have such a right to the goods which by the law of the community are theirs, that nobody hath a right to take them or any part of them, without their own consent; without this they have no property at all.
 * //Secondly//, the legislative, or supreme authority, cannot assume to itself a power to rule by extemporary arbitrary decrees, but it is bound to dispense justice, and decide the rights of the subject by promulgated standing laws, and known authorized judges.
 * //Interpretation//: ** The government can't just make laws up on the spot nor can you be guilty for no reason; it has to be proven. You can defend yourself but you can’t take the law into your own hands. There may be a police force. The people put legislature into hands they see fit so that they will be governed by their declared laws.
 * //Thirdly//, the supreme power cannot take from man any part of his property without his own consent.
 * //Interpretation//: ** The government can't take someone’s property without their "okay", nor can it give it out randomly or take your land because they feel like it. The people should pay for the police through taxes.
 * //Fourthly//, the legislature cannot transfer the power of making laws to any other hands; for it being but a delegated power from the people, they who have it cannot pass it to others.
 * //Interpretation//: ** The government can’t just give the legislative chair to just anybody. The people have to pick.

SUMMARY:


**First**, they are to govern by promulgated established laws, not to be varied in particular cases, but have one rule for rich and poor, for the favorite at court and countrymen at plow.


 * Secondly **, these laws also ought to be designed for no other end ultimately but for the good of the people.

reserved any part of the legislation to deputies, to be from time to time chosen by themselves.
 * Thirdly **, they must not raise taxes on the property of people without their consent, authorized by themselves or their deputies. This properly concerns only such governments where the legislation is always in being, or at least to where the people have not

**Fourthly**, the legislative neither must nor can transfer the power of making laws to anybody else, or place it anywhere but where the people have.

__**//A Letter of Toleration //**__

 * Religion comes first.
 * Conscience is persuaded to be acceptable to the Almighty, on whose good pleasure and acceptance depends his eternal happiness.


 * Questions from the people regarding the laws of the land, for when and when it's not okay:**


 * “What if the magistrate makes a law that is unlawful to the conscience of a private person?” **
 * If the government is to be faithfully administered, and the counsels of the magistrate be indeed directed to the public good, this will seldom happen.
 * This doesn’t mean that the law is not in place, and if someone chooses to break that law because they felt it was unlawful they are still subject to that punishment.
 * The government can’t make anyone join a religion. People have their own choice of religion.
 * The political society is instituted for no other end but to secure every man’s possession of the things of this life.
 * Their religion whether it be true or false does not prejudice to the worldly concerns of their fellow-subjects which are the things that only belong unto the commonwealth.


 * “What if the magistrate believes such a law to be for the public good?” **[[image:Letter_Concerning_Toleration.jpg width="288" height="372" align="right"]]
 * The private judgement of the magistrate does not give him any new right of imposing laws upon his subjects.
 * They can't impose laws that are not in constitution.
 * The commonwealth doesn't have the power to grant a punishment.
 * They cant steal money from people to give to others.


 * “But what if the magistrate believes that he has a right to make such laws, and that they are for the public good while his subjects believe the contrary?” **
 * They should answer to God alone for there is no judge upon earth between the supreme magistrate and the people.


 * “But what shall be done in the meantime?” **
 * Everyone should take care of their own soul first and then worry about the public peace.

//There are two sorts of contests amongst men, the one managed, the other managed by force: and they are of that nature, that where the one ends, the other always begins.//

In final words John Locke says he can not speak for all nations, but in most cases, when there is no judge, this is how things should be governed and these things concern the rule of right.

Review Questions:

 * What does Locke consider a legitimate government? **


 * Who does Locke think should make the laws? **


 * Name the four things Locke states a government can’t do? (What are their limitations) **


 * In A Letter of Toleration what comes first before all laws in the eyes of an individual person? **


 * What should a person do when their personal beliefs conflict with the law? What happens in terms of punishment? **


 * Where does Locke hold religion in a society? **


 * What should everyone take care of first? **


 * In a quick summary what is the purpose of A Letter of Toleration? What is the purpose of Of the LImits of the Government? **

=**Araby **= By Jerel Alicdan

//Araby// is a first-person narrative written by James Joyce. It follows the life of the narrator who may be a representation of the author earlier in life. The narrator lives on North Richmond Street, a very somber and lowly neighborhood that he perceives as dark. Along with the rest of the kids from the Christian Brother’s School, they play in the neighborhood and bring life to the seemingly “dead” area. The narrator’s friend, Mangan, has a sister who the narrator really likes, comparing her to “fingers running upon the wires of a harp”. She talks to the narrator one evening and they talk about //Araby//, the bazaar that’s open near their neighborhood. Coming from Mangan’s sister, the narrator thinks the syllables in //Araby// are magical. She can’t make it because of a retreat for her convent, but the narrator promises that if he goes he’ll buy something for her. The narrator already goes to //Araby// on Saturdays to help his aunt in shopping, so it isn’t a big deal. He asks his uncle to go and gets his approval, but his uncle forgets and comes home late at 9 o’clock and most of the stalls in //Araby// are closed. The narrator still persists and goes down Buckingham Street towards the station and boards a train to //Araby//, and once he’s there he approaches a stall with 3 people. The lady goes to him and asks if he’s interested in buying anything, and he rejects and says “No, thank you.” He stays to pretend that he’s somewhat absorbed in her items but ends up walking away in the dark with nothing. He’s filled with anger and disappointment, possibly because of his inability to take action.

Review (Quizzes)

 * [|Quiz Number 1]
 * [|Quiz Number 2]

Note on the comprehensive video: The narrator actually makes it to //Araby// at the end while //most// of the stores are closed and leaves a stall when he refuses to buy something. It doesn't just end with the entire bazaar being closed. media type="youtube" key="F8o3mxbs4Qk?version=3" height="360" width="640"

=And now, a summary of "Self-Reliance" = By Sam Baschuk

The article from “Self Reliance” basically says you’re given a lot in life, you have to accept it, and you have to make the best of it. If you do the best you can at everything you do then you will have peace. You need to accept where you are and trust yourself and be brave. This is easy to believe when you’re by yourself, but when you’re out in society it is more difficult. Society tries to get everyone to fit in a mold and be the same. To be a man you have to be an individual and do what you think is right. Don’t just take things and accept them but question them even if people don’t understand you. Rely on yourself and do what you think is right even if its not what people want you to do.

ARE YOU PUMPED FOR THIS TEST? YOU CAN DO THIS!